A substance use disorder is a mental disorder(خرابی) that affects a person’s brain and behaviour, leading to a person’s inability(اسمرتتا) to control their use of substances such as legal or illegal drugs(غیر قانونی منشیات), alcohol, or medications. Substances such as alcohol, marijuana and nicotine also are considered drugs.
Drug addiction can start with experimental(تجرباتی) use of a recreational drug in social situations, and, for some people, the drug use becomes more frequent(بار بار). For others, particularly with opioids, drug addiction begins with exposure to prescribed medications, or receiving medications from a friend or relative who has been prescribed the medication(علاج).
Symptoms of substance use disorder Following are the symptoms of substance use disorder
· Feeling of exhilaration and excess confidence.
· Increased alertness.
· Increased energy and restlessness.
· Behavior changes or aggression.
· Rapid or rambling speech.
· Dilated pupils.
· Confusion, delusions and hallucinations.
· Irritability, anxiety or paranoia.
Ø Causes of substance use disorder
The exact cause of substance use disorder is not known. A person's genes, the action of the drug,
peer pressure, emotional distress, anxiety(بے چینی), depression, and environmental stress can all be factors.
Ø How substance use affect behavior?
Substance use often leads to emotional volatility(اتار چڑھاؤ). You may lose your temper easily or suffer from mood swings. This is often related to the anxiety and depression mentioned above. When you constantly feel anxious(فکر مند), you feel at some level that you are being threatened and are therefore more likely to lash out.
Ø Types of substance use disorder
Following are the types of substance use disorder
· Opioid Use Disorder.
· Marijuana Use Disorder.
· Nicotine Use Disorder.
· Stimulant Use Disorder.
· Sedative Use Disorder.
· Hallucinogen Use Disorder.
· Alcohol Use Disorder.
v Opioid Use Disorder
Opioid use disorder (OUD) can involve misuse of prescribed opioid(اوپیئڈ) medications, use of diverted opioid medications, or use of illicitly obtained heroin. OUD is typically a chronic, relapsing illness, associated with significantly increased rates of morbidity(بیماری) and mortality.
Opioids can cause
Several respiratory problems, including slowed or irregular breathing; in overdose(زیادہ مقدار), they can lead to dangerously slowed breathing or complete respiratory arrest.
The lack of adequate oxygen to the brain resulting from an opioid overdose can lead to coma, brain damage, or death.
Opioid treatment increases the risk of
fractures
infections
cardiovascular complications
sleep-disordered breathing
bowel dysfunction
Overdose and mortality
Marijuana Use Disorder
It is also known as Cannabis Use Disorder.
Cannabis use disorder (CUD) is a diagnosis given for problematic marijuana(چرس) use. Cannabis use
disorder affects roughly 10% of the 193 million cannabis users in the world, and it captures the
possibility that people can be negatively impacted(متاثر) by marijuana use without necessarily being addicted. However, it also has room to recognize cannabis addiction if it occurs.
Signs and symptoms of Marijuana Use Disorder
Continuing to use cannabis despite physical or psychological problems
Continuing to use cannabis(بھنگ) despite social or relationship problems
Craving cannabis
Difficulty controlling or cutting down cannabis use
Giving up or reducing other activities in favor of cannabis
Problems at work, school, and home as a result of cannabis use
Spending a lot of time on cannabis use
Taking cannabis in high-risk situations
Taking more cannabis than was intended
Causes are
Substance use disorders don't have one specific(مخصوص) cause that fits all people diagnosed(تشخیص) with this condition. Stress, emotional distress, and other mental health conditions (such as anxiety and depression) can each contribute to the development of cannabis use disorder
v Nicotine Use Disorder.
Nicotine dependence (also called tobacco addiction) involves physical and psychological factors that make it difficult to stop using tobacco, even if the person wants to quit. Nicotine releases a chemical called dopamine in the same regions of the brain as other addictive drugs.
Effects of Nicotine Use
Nicotine creates pleasant feelings in the body and mind. When you use tobacco, your brain releases neurotransmitters(نیورو ٹرانسمیٹر) such dopamine, the feel-good chemical. This creates a brief feeling of contentment and pleasure.
But besides nicotine, tobacco cigarettes and smokeless tobacco contain many cancer-causing agents and other harmful(نقصان دہ) chemicals. The nearly 4,000 chemicals found in tobacco have physical, mental, and psychological effects.
Causes
Smoking cigarettes or using other tobacco products causes nicotine addiction. Nicotine is very addictive, so even infrequent use can lead to dependence.
Symptoms are ü an inability to stop using tobacco products
withdrawal symptoms when nicotine use stops
a desire(خواہش) to keep smoking even when health complications arise
continued use of tobacco products even if it negatively impacts your life
Stimulant Use Disorder
A psychoactive drug, such as a stimulant, is a chemical or substance that affects one’s behavior, mind, and body. A stimulant(محرک) can be smoked, injected, snorted, taken in pill form, chewed, and even ingested in the form of a drink. Synthetic(مصنوعی) stimulants are becoming increasingly popular as users attempt to alter the chemicals in drugs to create different reactions, and ultimately(بالآخر) steer clear of jail time, legal penalties, and detection in drug screening efforts.
Symptoms
The symptoms(علامات) of stimulant use disorder include failure to control usage and frequency of use, an intense craving for the drug, increased use over time to obtain(حاصل کریں) the same effects, known as a developed tolerance(رواداری), and continued use despite negative repercussions and interference in one’s everyday life and functioning(کام کرنا).
Causes
The use of stimulants in humans causes rapid weight loss(تیزی سے وزن میں کمی), cardiovascular effects such as an increase in heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure, emotional(جذبات) or mental side effects such as paranoia, anxiety, and aggression, as well as a change in the survival pathway known as the reward/reinforcement pathway(راستہ) in our brain. An increase in energy, a reduced appetite, increased alertness and a boost in confidence(اعتماد) are all additional side effects of stimulant use when introduced to the body.
v Sedative Use Disorder
Sedative, hypnotics, or anxiolytic use disorder is a misuse of sedative(سکون آور کا غلط استعمال), hypnotics, or anxiolytic substances. Sedatives, hypnotics, or anxiolytics can be obtained legally and illegally. The addiction of these substances often occurs(ہوتا ہے) together with other drugs of abuse.
Effects of Sedative Use
Chronic use of sedatives presents serious risks, including dependence, abuse(بدسلوکی), and cognitive and psychomotor impairment. Numerous efforts have aimed to curb long-term sedative use, particularly(خاص طور پر) among older adults (age ≥ 65 yr), yet these policies have not had substantial effects.
v Hallucinogen Use Disorder
Hallucinogen-persisting perception(ادراک) disorder (HPPD) is a long-lasting and potentially permanent syndrome characterized(خصوصیات) by a spontaneous recurrence of perceptual/visual disturbances which are reminiscent(وہ یاد کرتے ہیں) of those generated while a subject was intoxicated with hallucinogens.
v Alcohol Use Disorder
Alcohol use disorder (sometimes called alcoholism) is a medical condition(حالت). It involves heavy or frequent alcohol drinking even when it causes problems, emotional distress(جذباتی تکلیف) or physical harm. A combination of medications, behavioral therapy and support can help you or a loved one recover.
Symptoms
Symptoms of alcohol overdose include mental confusion(الجھاؤ), difficulty remaining conscious, vomiting, seizure, trouble breathing, slow heart rate, clammy skin, dulled(سست) responses such as no gag reflex (which prevents choking), and extremely low body temperature. Alcohol overdose can lead to permanent brain damage or death.
Treatment of Substance Use Disorder
There are many options that have been successful in treating drug addiction, including:
● Behavioral counseling
● Medication
● Medical devices and applications used to treat withdrawal symptoms or deliver skills
training
● Evaluation and treatment for co-occurring(شریک ہونے والا) mental health issues such as depression and
anxiety
● Long-term follow-up to prevent relapse.
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